War on terror in pakistan pdf

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Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Dr Muhammad Mushtaq. Shahzad Munawar. A short summary of this paper. Shahzad Munawar M. Abstract In response to the terrorists attack on the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon on September 11, , the US-led forces launched a global counterterrorism campaign. This war on terror has had pernicious impact on the state sovereignty in numerous cases.

Pakistan — a front line state in this war — has been impacted by the war on terror in many ways. This paper spotlights the cases of US drone strikes in Pakistani tribal areas, Salala check post attack and the killing of Osama in Abbottabad by the US forces without any prior approval or information sharing with Pakistan.

The paper concludes that the US-led forces have undermined the national sovereignty of Pakistan. It prescribes that cooperation in intelligence, trust between allies, as well as respecting national sovereignty of states are very important factors for the winning war against terrorism. Introduction The war on terror has attracted much scholarly attention elsewhere.

Building on this scholarship, the paper aims to examine the impact of this war on the state sovereignty, analyzing the case of Pakistan. The central question of this paper is: How war on terror has challenged the national sovereignty of Pakistan?

To address this concern, this study analyzes three episodes that suggest the violation of the national sovereignty of Pakistan. It has been argued that the policy of drone attacks of the US-led forces, the attack on Salala Check Post by the US-led NATO forces, and the assassination of Osama Bin Laden at Abbottabad by the US forces without prior approval of state seem to suggest that war on terror has undermined the state sovereignty of Pakistan.

It is expected that the revised policies would substantiate the efforts to eradicate the terrorism in the region. Equally, the relations based on mutual respect would result in the extended trust and confidence. Consequently, the Cooperative Security initiatives would ensure the eradication of terrorism worldwide.

The terrorists simultaneously attacked the twin towers, the symbols of US economic strength and the Pentagon, the symbol of its military strength on September 11, Although, responsibility of the attacks was fixed on Al-Qaida, the war against terrorism was not to remain limited to this organization given its presence across national boundaries and continents. Since then, the US has launched a global campaign against terrorism.

The US-led alliance is fighting to do away with terrorism with full strength. However, it has been observed that the US government in its war against terrorism has gone to such an extreme that it has forgotten the established rules and norms that command the mutual relations of the nations and states in the civilized world Yusuf, The state sovereignty based on the Treaty of Westphalia of suggests non- intervention of the nation-states in the internal matters of the others Benoist, However, the multilateral treaties in the aftermath of the WWII and the growing role of United Nations in the world politics have made a great impact on the concept of sovereignty.

At the outset, it seems that the international obligations have taken the central position and the state sovereignty has lost its primacy. But, the evidence suggests that the state sovereignty was respected to a great extent during the cold war period.

However, in the post-cold war era, the concept of sovereignty puts much emphasis on the human security. Unfortunately, the state sovereignty has been challenged in the name of safeguarding human security in several cases.

Quite often, the counterterrorism campaigns have dishonored the territorial boundaries of the sovereign states. This is a violation of the international law and the concept of state sovereignty Tondon, Shahzad Munawar, Muhammad Mushtaq 41 organization. But, the Taliban government did not fulfill the demand. Eventually, the US led coalition forces attacked Afghanistan and dislodged the Taliban regime. Consequently, Pakistan took a U-turn in her policy on Afghanistan and joined the war on terror as a strategic partner of the US.

We took this decision on principles and in our national interest. Although Pakistan played a vital role in war, the US-led forces have dishonored its territorial boundaries and violated its sovereignty very often.

This section examines three cases of such violation, i. The Policy of Drone Attacks Drones are new offensive technology in the present century. Today UAVs Unnamed Arial Vehicles are becoming more and more effective instrument in the fight against the terrorists. The US has used this technology very frequently in the tribal areas of Pakistan because drones are considered highly effective machines to strike targets that keep shifting their positions.

Also, owing to the harsh terrain and other factors, drones have been used in this region to kill the high value targets. It has been argued that drones are highly effective in killing the terrorist operatives in unapproachable regions without causing heavy civilian casualties.

The arguments of the senior US officials reflect the approach and priorities of policy makers about the drone policy. It blamed that the Taliban and Al-Qaeda terrorists were taking refuge in the tribal areas of Pakistan adjacent to the Afghan border. So they started to target these terrorists, because they considered that they have the right to kill the terrorists everywhere. The number of drone strikes increased many-fold after Obama administration came into power.

US claimed that the drone strikes were very effective to degrade and damage the organizational capacity of the terrorist groups. They argued that these strikes brought pressure on the members of terrorist group that would begin to splintering, lose workforce and finally collapse. According to the intelligence reports the terrorist scattered and moved to the tribal areas of Pakistan due to the drone strikes Khan, But it does not mean that these strikes degrade the organizational capacity.

Instead of these the terrorists scattered to the different regions of the world. US claimed that the drone strikes were very successful in avoiding collateral damage as well. The claim is based on data, reliability and validity, which is questionable and objectionable.

Neither the advocates nor the critics really know or explain the number of deaths in the drone attacks, because these drones hit targets in the areas where there is no writ of Pakistani government. There is no official government statistics available. However a number of independent organizations have collected the data, which is generally based on the newspaper reports or the intelligence sources.

There is substantial variation in the number of deaths in the drone attacks across the available data. According to widely cited data collected by the New US Foundation, drone strikes were conducted in Pakistan from June to October The year of the drone, However, this assistance substitutes spiritual schools with secular institutes, and modern institutes diminish terrorism as well.

Young and Findley emphasize the aid of education and advocacy that education support needs to be provided as a replacement for general budget support to decrease terrorism in a nation.

Like Pakistan, the focus on education has decreased, and the budget for the education sector has also been reduced. There is an urgent need to increase education to raise awareness and eradicate poverty. Nasir et al. Most of the literature focuses on the unintended role of foreign aid in violence through education.

The functional connection amid terrorism and political freedom is not linear. Savun and Philips analyzed that underprivileged institutional frameworks, less inequality, scarcity, and absence of education can exacerbate terrorism. The theoretical and empirical basis for the link amid support and terrorism is very infrequent.

The events of September 11 forced experts to focus on overseas aid and terrorist fierceness. Lis increased fruitful work on this problem and investigated the incidental impact of overseas help on terrorism, thus eliminating discrimination, scarcity, and achieving a high standard of living. The learning suggested and described that external aid does not help reduce poverty, inequality and improve living standards in the short term, but is more advantageous in the long run.

Income difference can be the reason for happening of conflict and viciousness in civilization, trailed by anger, conflict and hostility. Krieger and Meierrieks focused on field data from to to display the influence of income difference. The study is mainly attentive on worldwide corporations.

He found that the impact of these worldwide corporations on the difference in national economic income caused political war and vehemence. Nationalist groups also trigger a lot in fight, Blomberg, Hess and Weerapana , took a panel data set of nations from to Economic impacts focused on dissimilarity and terrorist events.

Economic variation and the nationalist movement were found to have seriously affected the scale and extent of political violence in economically weak countries. Fearon and Laitin determined that scarcity, political uncertainty, environmental deprivation, and huge populations are the vital reasons of violence. Then again, worldwide trade, overseas direct investment and securities are also very significant.

Schaub examined samples from nations between and based on aggregate time series and cross-sectional data. The research found that trade, foreign direct investment and investment in securities cannot straight upsurge the number of terrorist incidents in its territory. Spiritual activists are marked as the key reason of violence, but Piazza believe that this is not the foremost determinant of terrorism.

In addition, investigation shows that a low human development index HDI is estimated as the highest terrorist attack. The results may be for different regions, periods, and econometrics, it may not be probable to summarize and draw reliable conclusions from the literature on possible aspects and determining factor of terrorism. This research inspects the connection between terrorist events, variations in economic growth and the part of literacy in Pakistani political oppression.

For that, he used data from the time series from to The improved Dickey-Fuller test and Phillips-Perron test show that all variables are fixed in the initial difference.

The outcomes of the orbital statistics and the maximum eigen value test confirmed the long-term connection between the 5 variables. The outcomes express that the GDP per capita ratio is statistically independent of the negative sign. It also depicts that the economic conditions are not a long-term driver of terrorism.

The positive link between education and terrorism can be proven in 2 ways. If there is no appropriate platform to discuss the topic, lead to viciousness. Furthermore, terrorist organizations need more sophisticated persons as educated people will simply adapt to a varying environment. In this circumstance, they can even report attacks where illiterate terrorists cannot come. The outcomes show that there is a nonlinear link amid political repression and terrorism. Political domination may originally decrease terrorism, and the constant denial of political and civil liberties to people will exacerbate terrorism.

Individuals must have liberty of speech and show peace in order to have a strong social structure. Short-term outcomes present that GDP per capita and rate of literacy are statistically irrelevant, indicating that the economic situation and education are not accountable for short-term viciousness. The insignificant GDP per capita indicates that at the beginning of the violence in the country, the economic situation is not important, even in the short term.

Literacy is a vital factor in short-term terrorism. The link between terrorism and political domination is also non- linear in the short term and has statistical significance. This shows that terrorism initially increased with repression, but began to increase after a certain level of repression. In addition, diagnostic tests confirmed the nonattendance of autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity, and also ensured the regularity and sufficiency of the model.

The VECM primarily reported short-term causality between variables. It demonstrates that the terrorist incident was triggered only by short-term party-political tyranny.

There is also causality, from terrorism and literacy to GDP per capita. The impact of terrorism on GDP approves that the economy is facing serious damage to material and human capital. The degree of knowledge, political oppression, and its square circle are not begun by any variables in the short-run system.

In brief, it can be settled that there is a one-sided cause-and-effect relationship, ranging from the square of political oppression and political repression to terrorism, from terrorism and literacy to the one-way cause-and-effect value of GDP per capita. In addition, the results of long-term causality show that all long-term deviations from equilibrium can only be corrected by a variable "terrorist attack.

This study proposes the following implications for results-based policies. GDP per capita is an indicator of a country's military strength.

Since much of our budget is set aside for military spending, this is a related statement. Policymakers should not fight terrorist organizations on the battlefield, but should focus on the root causes of armed uprisings. If budget funds are used from the military to the development area, this torture of terrorism can be overawed more successfully. Publics are attracted to activism for the reason that they cannot appreciate each other. Finally, policymakers should not recommend oppressive rules for dealing with uprisings.

You need to discuss a solution to the problem. If their problems are solved properly, there will be no more fierceness in civilization. Ruby, C. The definition of terrorism. Analyses of social issues and public policy, 2 1 , pp.

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Terrorism and Political Violence, 29 1 , pp. Blomberg, S. Various factors underlie the surprise success of the MMA in the elections of It could be explained by the unity of the MMA, the active involvement of local authorities in helping the election of pro-military political parties, the wide ranging mobilization of Madrassa students in the favor of the MMA, and the anti-Musharraf and anti-US sentiment formed during the War on Terror Misra, ; Mutahir, The MMA presented their victory as a defeat to the forces representing secularism and American interests in the country Naqvi, Pakistan faced unbearable losses for supporting the American war on terrorism and President Musharraf is responsible for it… Madaris are being raided on the dictation of the US government and the government is arresting and torturing religious scholars and students to appease the West.

The economic situation in KPK is shaky; it requires prompt and active policy formulation and implementation. Moreover, the infrastructure of these areas is also damaged due to continuous bombing and militancy, and thus everyday life has become miserable. Local business suffered, especially in Mingora and some settled areas of Swat and Dir. Tourism plummeted due to the serious law and order problems.

The terrorist and counter-terrorist actions in the tribal areas have badly hampered the educational system of this area, which is already facing high illiteracy rates. The minimal educational infrastructure existing in these areas has been damaged by the militants. Following the operations against the militants, a large number of people fled from their homes and took refuge in the Districts of Mardan, Swabi, Nowshera, Tank and Dera Ismail Khan.

The return of IDPs to their homes is another issue; fear of militants and poor economic conditions make IDPs reluctant to return. By September 1. The large influx of IDPs into the settled areas has put enormous pressure on the available resources in these areas. Under these conditions, the government faces serious economic challenges. Pakistan has been continuously blamed by Afghan officials for cross-border infiltrations Jafee, The tribal areas are viewed as a sanctuary for Taliban militants due to their closed society and strict adherence to cultural values and the tradition of hospitality.

In the past, these socio-cultural affiliations were exploited by Pakistan for the creation of Jihadi elements in the tribal areas. As such, it is now the target of both large scale terrorist and anti-terrorist activities.

Moreover, anti-terror operations in KPK are being viewed as attempted genocide against the Pashtuns of the tribal areas and as a threat to their ethnic and Islamic identity.

These factors have resulted in increased militancy and a local Taliban uprising in the region. No military campaign can be successful without the support of the masses. In such situations, it is important for the government to switch to other policy options alongside the use of force. Similarly, in tribal areas Rs. However, these projects have failed to win the support of the people due to a lack of public participation. Such attempts are viewed by the tribal men as interference into their affairs and an attempt to modernize their society against their aspirations Marwat, Bibliography Bibliography Aaj K.

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